ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex, membrane-bound labyrinth of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubules that branches and spreads throughout the cytoplasm. The ER is continuous from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane and is a series of channels that helps various materials to circulate throughout the cytoplasm. It also is a storage unit for enzymes and other proteins and a point of attachment for ribosomes. ER with attached ribosomes is rough ER, and ER without attached ribosomes is smooth ER. Smooth ER is the site for lipid production, detoxification of a wide variety of organic molecules, and storage of calcium ions in muscle cells. Most cells contain both types of ER, although the relative proportion varies among cells.

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